Definition
Master plan architecture is an urban design concept concerned with the planning and development of an area as a unified and harmonious whole. It considers how the built and natural environment interact to create a unique ambience and atmosphere. This style of architecture is heavily grounded in the principles of sustainability and integrated design, promoting principles of urban ecology, urban resilience, and socio-environmental justice.
History
Master plan architecture emerged in the late 20th century as part of a shift in thinking about the environment and its management. At that time, designers and architects began to consider the broader implications of their designs and how they would impact the environment and its inhabitants. They shifted to a more holistic approach that considered the environmental, economic, social, and political implications of human activities and designed cities and other areas to work in harmony with their environment.
One early example of this approach was the regeneration of the inner city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands in the 1990s. The project, co-ordinated by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, implemented a bold, forward-thinking plan that sought to create vibrant public spaces and promote sustainable development. Other examples of master plan architecture exist throughout Europe and North America, including the sustainable development of Copenhill in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the Tanjong Rimau development on the outskirts of Singapore.
Principles
The main principles of master plan architecture are sustainability and integrated design. A key component of this approach is an emphasis on creating a high-quality and resilient environment, designed to withstand the impacts of climate change, resource depletion, and an ever-increasing population. Designers also seek to create an atmosphere of co-operation and shared ownership, aiming to unite different stakeholders in the process.
The focus on sustainability demands that designers consider the impacts of their design choices on the environment, not just in the present but also in the future. This means, for instance, that architects focus on the use of renewable energy sources and consider ways to reduce the carbon footprint of their projects. Another key focus is on creating aesthetically pleasing environments that will stand the test of time and age gracefully.
Benefits
The benefits of master plan architecture stretch beyond the immediate environment. With a focus on creating an environment adapted to the needs of its inhabitants, this style of architecture can lead to improved mental and physical health, as living in an aesthetically pleasing environment has been proven to have positive effects.
Another key benefit of master plan architecture is its ability to create safe, liveable and walkable cities. The integration of public transport and bicycle lanes into the plan can facilitate movement and reduce air pollution, while the development of green spaces can increase air quality and create havens for wildlife. This type of architecture also sets the foundation for vibrant cities, with the provision of public amenities and recreational activities.
Tools
In order to put the principles of master plan architecture into practice, architects and planners rely on a range of tools and techniques. These include detailed modelling and computer simulations to consider the impacts of designs on the environment, such as the noise levels of highways or the productivity of workers in an office space. Architectural firms also use digital mapping and GIS (geographical information systems) software to create three-dimensional perspectives of the area.
The most useful tool of master planning, however, is consultation and collaboration. Architects and planners need to work with local stakeholders to ensure that the plans are tailored to their specific needs and circumstances. This can involve conducting extensive surveys and interviews to gain an understanding of the local environment, and engaging with local communities before, during and after the implementation of the plans.
Case Studies
Much can be learnt from the success stories of master plan architecture. One such example is the development of Vancouver, Canada’s downtown core. The city’s planners used an integrated approach to make the city more sustainable and people-friendly. A focus on the efficiency of public transport, the introduction of bicycle lanes and green spaces, the construction of multi-functional buildings, and a strict Smart Growth policy have all contributed to making Vancouver one of the most livable cities in the world.
The regeneration of Barcelona’s waterfront is another inspirational example of master plan architecture. Urban planners sought to remediate and reclaim swamplands to create green spaces, and a vibrant bustling public space. The result was an improved public realm, with hundreds of new apartments and offices and the introduction of a new public space where people could gather, exercise and relax.
Professional Organizations
In order to coordinate the planning and develop of masterplan architecture, several professional organizations have been established. The most well-known is the International Union of Architects (UIA), which is a member of the United Nations and has over 500 regional and national architectural associations. UIA also runs an International Architectural Competition annually, to promote and reward innovative designs.
Another notable organization is the International Making Cities Livable Conference (IMCL). This event brings together architects, urban designers, planners and public health experts from around the world to discuss the development of urban areas. Their aim is to advance the quality of urban life through the promotion of Compact, Connected and Intense urban cities.
Legal Framework
The legal framework for master plan architecture depends on the location being planned. In the UK, for instance, all development must follow the principles set out in the National Planning Policy Framework. This document sets out a clear vision for the cost-effective and sustainable design of towns and cities, and clarifies the principles of sustainable development, land use and community engagement.
Other countries will have their own rules and regulations around the development of their urban areas. The common thread between all of them, however, is a focus on sustainability and the integration of urban design with the natural environment.
Practitioners
Practitioners of master plan architecture have access to a wide range of skills and expertise, including urban and regional planning, urban design, landscape planning, engineering, architecture and ecology. Many architects and planners specialize in this type of architecture, and it is often beneficial to work with a specialist practice to ensure that the right expertise is employed on a project.
However, even if a specialist isn’t employed, any architect or planner can learn the principles of master plan architecture. A few key dimensions to bear in mind are the location, history, context, and public sentiment. Most importantly, master plan architecture should always be tailored to the specific needs and interests of the stakeholders and their environment.
