Computer architecture is a field in information systems dedicated to designing, creating and maintaining the digital infrastructure or system of an organisation. It is an integral part of computing that describes how a digital computer operates. Computer architecture is also concerned with how instructions are represented in digital or binary form, how instructions are executed and how instructions can be manipulated. By combining hardware and software, computer architecture provides the blueprint for a digital system’s structure. Understanding the four main layers of computer architecture is helpful in getting a better understanding of how computers are designed and how they process data.
Memory
One of the four main layers of computer architecture is memory. This includes both RAM and ROM. Memory provides the mechanism through which data and instructions are stored and retrieved from the processor. RAM allows data to be directly accessed and then written back, which makes it the most effective and flexible type of memory for a computer system. ROM acts as a library for commands and data that the processor needs to run software, but it cannot be modified or removed.
Processors
Processors are the second layer of computer architecture. They’re responsible for interpreting instructions, processing data and executing tasks. Processors use transistors, which are tiny switches that contain switches and gates. Transistors turn on and off to control the flow of electrical current, which tells the processor what instructions to execute. Processors are also sometimes referred to as central processing units (CPUs).
Input/Output
The third layer of computer architecture is I/O, which stands for input/output. This layer is responsible for connecting all of the other components, such as peripheral devices like keyboards, mice, and printers, and also provides the link between the computing system and software programs. Without I/O, data would have no way of getting into or out of the system.
Software
The fourth and final layer of computer architecture is software. This layer consists of all the programs that allow a computer system to do its job and can include operating systems, application programs, as well as system programs such as compilers and interpreters. Software interacts with the other layers of the computer architecture to provide instructions to the processor and control the flow of data between the various components.
Power Supply Unit
A power supply unit is an important element of computer architecture. A PSU, or power supply unit, is the component that converts the power from the walls (AC) to the type of power that the components within the PCs need (DC). A Power Supply Unit is responsible for regulating and distributing the power to each component of the computer, so it is essential for a computer to have a reliable, stable power supply.
Network Interface
The network interface is responsible for connecting computers and other related devices in a network, so they can communicate and share data. The network interface is responsible for communication between two or more computers, routers, or other network elements. This layer is also important for security, as it is responsible for authentication, authorization and encryption of data.
BIOS
BIOS, or Basic Input/Output System, is responsible for initializing the hardware and booting up the operating system. It is responsible for configuring hardware components, such as memory and hard disks, as well as determining which devices are attached to the system. BIOS is also responsible for starting the operating system and for communicating with the hardware components.
